SOCIETE FRANCAISE D'ENSEIGNEMENT ET DE FORMATION : revenue, balance sheet and financial ratios

In 2025, SOCIETE FRANCAISE D'ENSEIGNEMENT ET DE FORMATION achieves revenue of 924 k€. Revenue is declining over the period 2016-2025 (CAGR: -6.7%). Slight decline of -4% vs 2024. After deducting consumption (0 €), gross margin stands at 924 k€, i.e. a rate of 100%. This ratio measures the ability to generate value from commercial activity. EBITDA (= Gross margin - Personnel expenses - Taxes) reaches 487 k€, representing 52.7% of revenue. Positive scissor effect: EBITDA margin improves by +4.3 pts, sign of improved operational efficiency. This high EBITDA margin provides strong self-financing capacity and resilience to uncertainties. Ultimately, net income (= EBIT +/- financial result +/- exceptional - corporate tax) amounts to 332 k€, i.e. 36.0% of revenue. This profit can be retained or distributed to shareholders.

The debt ratio (= Financial debt / Equity x 100) stands at 3%. This very low level reflects a solid financial structure, offering significant room for future investments or acquisitions. Financial autonomy (= Equity / Total assets x 100) reaches 62%. This high autonomy means the company finances most of its assets through equity, a sign of strength. Debt repayment capacity (= Financial debt / Cash flow) indicates it would take 0.0 years of cash flow to repay all financial debt. This short period demonstrates excellent debt sustainability. Cash flow represents 36.0% of revenue. Cash flow measures resources generated by operations, available for investment and debt repayment. This high level provides strong self-financing capacity.

The liquidity ratio (= Current assets / Current liabilities) stands at 222.72. Concretely, the company has €2 of liquid assets for every €1 of short-term debt: no cash risk within 12 months. The interest coverage ratio (= EBIT / Interest expenses) is 0.6x. Danger: operating income does not cover interest charges, unsustainable situation.

Working capital requirement (WCR) measures the cash timing gap between customer collections and supplier/inventory payments. Average customer payment term: 0 days (formula: Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT x 360). Supplier term: 67 days. Excellent situation: suppliers finance 67 days of the operating cycle (retail model). Overall, WCR represents 120 days of revenue, i.e. 308 k€ to permanently finance. Over 2016-2025, WCR increased by +173%, requiring additional financing.

Based on 412 transactions of similar company sales (all years), the value of SOCIETE FRANCAISE D'ENSEIGNEMENT ET DE FORMATION is estimated at 1 056 152 € (range 415 074€ - 3 043 421€). With an EBITDA of 486 969€, the sector multiple of 3.0x is applied. The price/revenue ratio is 0.29x (conservative valuation). This multiples method compares the actual sale price of similar companies to their financial indicators (Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income). It provides a market-based indicative estimate.