LF FORMATION : revenue, balance sheet and financial ratios

LF FORMATION is a French company founded 14 years ago, specialized in the sector Autres enseignements. Based in PORNIC (44210), this company of category PME shows in 2025 a revenue of 984 k€. Find below the complete financial statements, solvency ratios, working capital requirements and sector comparison.

Data updated on 2026-05-09

Sources : INPI & INSEE SIRENE - Processing : Ministry of Economy

Financial history - LF FORMATION (SIREN 533333506)
Indicator 2025 2024 2023
Revenue 983 757 € 842 984 € 765 935 €
Net income 201 229 € 113 563 € 54 816 €
EBITDA 261 549 € 151 336 € 72 356 €
Net margin 20.5% 13.5% 7.2%

Revenue and income statement

In 2025, LF FORMATION achieves revenue of 984 k€. Over the period 2023-2025, the company shows strong growth with a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of +13.3%. Vs 2024, growth of +17% (843 k€ -> 984 k€). After deducting consumption (8 k€), gross margin stands at 976 k€, i.e. a rate of 99%. This ratio measures the ability to generate value from commercial activity. EBITDA (= Gross margin - Personnel expenses - Taxes) reaches 262 k€, representing 26.6% of revenue. Positive scissor effect: EBITDA margin improves by +8.6 pts, sign of improved operational efficiency. This high EBITDA margin provides strong self-financing capacity and resilience to uncertainties. Ultimately, net income (= EBIT +/- financial result +/- exceptional - corporate tax) amounts to 201 k€, i.e. 20.5% of revenue. This profit can be retained or distributed to shareholders.

Revenue (2025) ?
Revenue
Definition
Total amount of sales of goods and services made by the company.
Formula
Sales of goods + Sold production

983 757 €

Gross margin (2025) ?
Gross margin
Definition
Difference between revenue and cost of goods sold.
Formula
Revenue - Cost of goods consumed

976 214 €

EBITDA (2025) ?
Gross Operating Surplus (EBITDA)
Definition
Resources generated by current operations, before depreciation and financial expenses.
Formula
Value added - Personnel expenses - Taxes
Interpretation
Positive = profitable activity

261 549 €

EBIT (2025) ?
EBIT (Operating Income)
Definition
Operating income, including depreciation and provisions.
Formula
EBITDA - Depreciation and provisions + Reversals

252 054 €

Net income (2025) ?
Net income
Definition
Profit or loss after all expenses, including taxes and exceptional items.
Formula
Current income + Exceptional income - Income tax

201 229 €

EBITDA margin (2025) ?
EBITDA margin
Definition
Measures the company's operating profitability.
Formula
(EBE / CA) x 100
Interpretation
> 10% : Good profitability
5-10% : Average
< 5% : Low

26.6%

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Chart evolution

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Assets

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Liabilities

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Solvency and debt ratios

The debt ratio (= Financial debt / Equity x 100) stands at 9%. This very low level reflects a solid financial structure, offering significant room for future investments or acquisitions. Financial autonomy (= Equity / Total assets x 100) reaches 68%. This high autonomy means the company finances most of its assets through equity, a sign of strength. Debt repayment capacity (= Financial debt / Cash flow) indicates it would take 0.1 years of cash flow to repay all financial debt. This short period demonstrates excellent debt sustainability. Cash flow represents 21.2% of revenue. Cash flow measures resources generated by operations, available for investment and debt repayment. This high level provides strong self-financing capacity.

Debt ratio (2025) ?
Debt ratio
Definition
Measures the proportion of debt to equity.
Formula
(Financial debt / Equity) x 100
Interpretation
< 50% : Low
50-100% : Moderate
> 100% : High

8.838%

Financial autonomy (2025) ?
Financial autonomy
Definition
Share of equity in the company's total financing.
Formula
(Equity / Total assets) x 100
Interpretation
> 30% : Good autonomy
20-30% : Average
< 20% : Low

67.758%

Cash flow / Revenue (2025) ?
Cash flow / Revenue
Definition
Self-financing capacity relative to revenue.
Formula
(CAF / CA) x 100
Interpretation
The higher the ratio, the more cash the company generates

21.183%

Repayment capacity (2025) ?
Repayment capacity
Definition
Number of years needed to repay debts with cash flow.
Formula
Financial debt / Cash flow
Interpretation
< 3 years : Excellent
3-5 years : Fair
> 5 years : Warning

0.136

Asset age ratio (2025) ?
Asset age ratio
Definition
Measures the degree of wear of tangible assets.
Formula
Accumulated depreciation / Gross fixed assets x 100
Interpretation
< 50% : Recent assets
50-70% : Normal wear
> 70% : Aging assets

35.3%

Solvency indicators evolution
LF FORMATION

Sector positioning

Debt ratio
8.84 2025
2023
2024
2025
Q1: 0.0
Med: 3.45
Q3: 33.04
Average +30 pts over 3 years

In 2025, the debt ratio of LF FORMATION (8.84) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio measures the weight of debt relative to equity. A reduction effort could improve financial strength.

Financial autonomy
67.76% 2025
2023
2024
2025
Q1: 0.06%
Med: 22.67%
Q3: 53.58%
Excellent +7 pts over 3 years

In 2025, the financial autonomy of LF FORMATION (67.8%) ranks in the top 25% of the sector. This ratio represents the share of equity in total financing. High autonomy reflects financial independence and ability to absorb shocks.

Repayment capacity
0.14 years 2025
2023
2024
2025
Q1: 0.0 years
Med: 0.0 years
Q3: 1.08 years
Average +28 pts over 3 years

In 2025, the repayment capacity of LF FORMATION (0.14) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio indicates the number of years needed to repay debt with cash flow. A reduction effort could improve financial strength.

Liquidity ratios

The liquidity ratio (= Current assets / Current liabilities) stands at 327.91. Concretely, the company has €2 of liquid assets for every €1 of short-term debt: no cash risk within 12 months. The interest coverage ratio (= EBIT / Interest expenses) is 0.1x. Danger: operating income does not cover interest charges, unsustainable situation.

Liquidity ratio (2025) ?
Liquidity ratio
Definition
Ability to meet short-term debts with current assets.
Formula
Current assets / Current liabilities
Interpretation
> 1.5 : Very good
1-1.5 : Fair
< 1 : Liquidity risk

327.91

Interest coverage (2025) ?
Interest coverage
Definition
Ability to cover interest charges with operating income.
Formula
EBIT / Interest expenses
Interpretation
> 3 : Comfortable
1.5-3 : Acceptable
< 1.5 : Risk

0.127

Liquidity indicators evolution
LF FORMATION

Sector positioning

Liquidity ratio
327.91 2025
2023
2024
2025
Q1: 99.83
Med: 203.9
Q3: 395.39
Good +23 pts over 3 years

In 2025, the liquidity ratio of LF FORMATION (327.91) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio measures the ability to cover short-term debt with current assets. This comfortable position offers an appreciable safety margin.

Interest coverage
0.13x 2025
2023
2024
2025
Q1: 0.0x
Med: 0.0x
Q3: 0.25x
Good +38 pts over 3 years

In 2025, the interest coverage of LF FORMATION (0.1x) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio indicates how many times operating income covers interest expenses. This comfortable position offers an appreciable safety margin.

Working capital requirement (WCR) and payment terms

Working capital requirement (WCR) measures the cash timing gap between customer collections and supplier/inventory payments. Average customer payment term: 37 days (formula: Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT x 360). Supplier term: 36 days. The company must finance 1 days of gap between collections and payments. Overall, WCR represents 22 days of revenue, i.e. 59 k€ to permanently finance. Over 2023-2025, WCR increased by +188%, requiring additional financing.

Operating WCR (2025) ?
Operating WCR
Definition
Financing requirement generated by the operating cycle (inventory + receivables - trade payables).
Formula
Inventory + Customer receivables - Trade payables
Interpretation
Negative = cash released
Positive = financing needed

59 016 €

Customer credit (2025) ?
Customer credit (days)
Definition
Average payment term granted to customers.
Formula
(Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT) x 360
Interpretation
< 45j : Good
45-60j : Average
> 60j : Long

37 j

Supplier credit (2025) ?
Supplier credit (days)
Definition
Average payment term obtained from suppliers.
Formula
(Trade payables / Purchases incl. VAT) x 360
Interpretation
The longer the term, the better for cash flow

36 j

Inventory turnover (2025) ?
Inventory turnover (days)
Definition
Average storage duration for goods or materials.
Formula
(Inventory / Cost of goods) x 360
Interpretation
The lower the ratio, the faster the turnover

0 j

WCR in days of revenue (2025) ?
WCR in days of revenue
Definition
Expresses working capital requirement in days of revenue.
Formula
(Operating WCR / Revenue) x 360
Interpretation
The fewer days, the better the working capital management

22 j

WCR and payment terms evolution
LF FORMATION

Positioning of LF FORMATION in its sector

Comparison with sector Autres enseignements

Valuation estimate

Based on 134 transactions of similar company sales (all years), the value of LF FORMATION is estimated at 507 231 € (range 182 039€ - 1 582 931€). With an EBITDA of 261 549€, the sector multiple of 2.2x is applied. The price/revenue ratio is 0.36x (conservative valuation). This multiples method compares the actual sale price of similar companies to their financial indicators (Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income). It provides a market-based indicative estimate.

Estimated enterprise value 2025
134 transactions
182k€ 507k€ 1582k€
507 231 € Range: 182 039€ - 1 582 931€
NAF 5 all-time

Valuation detail by method

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EBITDA Multiple 50%
261 549 € × 2.2x
Estimation 567 082 €
205 492€ - 1 474 901€
Revenue Multiple 30%
983 757 € × 0.36x
Estimation 351 633 €
117 318€ - 687 508€
Net Income Multiple 20%
201 229 € × 2.9x
Estimation 591 001 €
220 490€ - 3 196 140€

Valuation evolution

How is this estimate calculated?

This estimate is based on the analysis of 134 actual transactions of similar company sales (same NAF code) registered with BODACC between 2016 and 2025.

  • EBITDA Multiple: Preferred method for profitable SMEs. EBITDA reflects the ability to generate cash.
  • Revenue Multiple: Used for growing companies or those with low profitability. Reflects commercial potential.
  • Net Income Multiple: Relevant for mature companies with stable results.

This estimate is provided for information purposes only. A precise valuation requires in-depth analysis (assets, liabilities, prospects, market...).

Similar companies (Autres enseignements)

Compare LF FORMATION with other companies in the same sector:

Frequently asked questions about LF FORMATION

What is the revenue of LF FORMATION ?

The revenue of LF FORMATION in 2025 is 984 k€.

Is LF FORMATION profitable?

Yes, LF FORMATION generated a net profit of 201 k€ in 2025.

Where is the headquarters of LF FORMATION ?

The headquarters of LF FORMATION is located in PORNIC (44210), in the department Loire-Atlantique.

Where to find the tax return of LF FORMATION ?

The tax return of LF FORMATION is available on this page. Click on a year in the 'Data by year' section to view the account details (assets, liabilities, income statement). Data comes from INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property).

In which sector does LF FORMATION operate?

LF FORMATION operates in the sector Autres enseignements (NAF code 85.59B). See the 'Sector positioning' section above to compare the company with its competitors.