LA LIBRAIRIE DES ECOLES : revenue, balance sheet and financial ratios

In 2024, LA LIBRAIRIE DES ECOLES achieves revenue of 4.2 M€. Over the period 2016-2024, the company shows strong growth with a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of +12.2%. Vs 2023, growth of +39% (3.1 M€ -> 4.2 M€). After deducting consumption (241 k€), gross margin stands at 4.0 M€, i.e. a rate of 94%. This ratio measures the ability to generate value from commercial activity. EBITDA (= Gross margin - Personnel expenses - Taxes) reaches 689 k€, representing 16.2% of revenue. Positive scissor effect: EBITDA margin improves by +7.3 pts, sign of improved operational efficiency. This high EBITDA margin provides strong self-financing capacity and resilience to uncertainties. Ultimately, net income (= EBIT +/- financial result +/- exceptional - corporate tax) amounts to 339 k€, i.e. 8.0% of revenue. This profit can be retained or distributed to shareholders.

The debt ratio (= Financial debt / Equity x 100) stands at 0%. This very low level reflects a solid financial structure, offering significant room for future investments or acquisitions. Financial autonomy (= Equity / Total assets x 100) reaches 52%. This high autonomy means the company finances most of its assets through equity, a sign of strength. Debt repayment capacity (= Financial debt / Cash flow) indicates it would take 0.0 years of cash flow to repay all financial debt. This short period demonstrates excellent debt sustainability. Cash flow represents 7.7% of revenue. Cash flow measures resources generated by operations, available for investment and debt repayment. Satisfactory level allowing partial financing of growth.

The liquidity ratio (= Current assets / Current liabilities) stands at 200.98. Concretely, the company has €2 of liquid assets for every €1 of short-term debt: no cash risk within 12 months. The interest coverage ratio (= EBIT / Interest expenses) is 0.1x. Danger: operating income does not cover interest charges, unsustainable situation.

Working capital requirement (WCR) measures the cash timing gap between customer collections and supplier/inventory payments. Average customer payment term: 16 days (formula: Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT x 360). Supplier term: 60 days. Excellent situation: suppliers finance 44 days of the operating cycle (retail model). Inventory turnover is 111 days (= Average inventory / Cost of goods x 360). This high level ties up cash and potentially creates obsolescence risk. Overall, WCR represents 166 days of revenue, i.e. 2.0 M€ to permanently finance. Over 2016-2024, WCR increased by +3568%, requiring additional financing.

Based on 104 transactions of similar company sales (all years), the value of LA LIBRAIRIE DES ECOLES is estimated at 1 005 490 € (range 429 513€ - 2 772 654€). With an EBITDA of 688 766€, the sector multiple of 1.1x is applied. The price/revenue ratio is 0.24x (conservative valuation). This multiples method compares the actual sale price of similar companies to their financial indicators (Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income). It provides a market-based indicative estimate.