FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) : revenue, balance sheet and financial ratios

FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) is a French company founded 19 years ago, specialized in the sector Formation continue d'adultes. Based in PARIS (75014), this company of category PME shows in 2023 a revenue of 1.4 M€. Find below the complete financial statements, solvency ratios, working capital requirements and sector comparison.

Data updated on 2026-05-02

Sources : INPI & INSEE SIRENE - Processing : Ministry of Economy

Financial history - FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) (SIREN 497640441)
Indicator 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015
Revenue 1 433 430 € 1 354 283 € 1 534 119 € 972 054 € 1 880 320 € 1 970 115 € 1 649 173 € 1 623 846 € 1 688 734 €
Net income 17 491 € 23 057 € 256 504 € -149 570 € 218 745 € 253 715 € 81 169 € 18 640 € 17 052 €
EBITDA 18 956 € 31 639 € 408 222 € -102 990 € 296 684 € 351 668 € 161 275 € 99 260 € 51 987 €
Net margin 1.2% 1.7% 16.7% -15.4% 11.6% 12.9% 4.9% 1.1% 1.0%

Revenue and income statement

In 2023, FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) achieves revenue of 1.4 M€. Activity remains stable over the period (CAGR: -2.0%). Vs 2022: +6%. After deducting consumption (0 €), gross margin stands at 1.4 M€, i.e. a rate of 100%. This ratio measures the ability to generate value from commercial activity. EBITDA (= Gross margin - Personnel expenses - Taxes) reaches 19 k€, representing 1.3% of revenue. The operating margin remains fragile, requiring cost vigilance. Ultimately, net income (= EBIT +/- financial result +/- exceptional - corporate tax) amounts to 17 k€, i.e. 1.2% of revenue. This profit can be retained or distributed to shareholders.

Revenue (2023) ?
Revenue
Definition
Total amount of sales of goods and services made by the company.
Formula
Sales of goods + Sold production

1 433 430 €

Gross margin (2023) ?
Gross margin
Definition
Difference between revenue and cost of goods sold.
Formula
Revenue - Cost of goods consumed

1 433 430 €

EBITDA (2023) ?
Gross Operating Surplus (EBITDA)
Definition
Resources generated by current operations, before depreciation and financial expenses.
Formula
Value added - Personnel expenses - Taxes
Interpretation
Positive = profitable activity

18 956 €

EBIT (2023) ?
EBIT (Operating Income)
Definition
Operating income, including depreciation and provisions.
Formula
EBITDA - Depreciation and provisions + Reversals

19 501 €

Net income (2023) ?
Net income
Definition
Profit or loss after all expenses, including taxes and exceptional items.
Formula
Current income + Exceptional income - Income tax

17 491 €

EBITDA margin (2023) ?
EBITDA margin
Definition
Measures the company's operating profitability.
Formula
(EBE / CA) x 100
Interpretation
> 10% : Good profitability
5-10% : Average
< 5% : Low

1.3%

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Chart evolution

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Assets

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Liabilities

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Solvency and debt ratios

The debt ratio (= Financial debt / Equity x 100) stands at 0%. This very low level reflects a solid financial structure, offering significant room for future investments or acquisitions. Financial autonomy (= Equity / Total assets x 100) reaches 59%. This high autonomy means the company finances most of its assets through equity, a sign of strength. Cash flow represents 1.7% of revenue. Cash flow measures resources generated by operations, available for investment and debt repayment.

Debt ratio (2023) ?
Debt ratio
Definition
Measures the proportion of debt to equity.
Formula
(Financial debt / Equity) x 100
Interpretation
< 50% : Low
50-100% : Moderate
> 100% : High

0.0%

Financial autonomy (2023) ?
Financial autonomy
Definition
Share of equity in the company's total financing.
Formula
(Equity / Total assets) x 100
Interpretation
> 30% : Good autonomy
20-30% : Average
< 20% : Low

59.35%

Cash flow / Revenue (2023) ?
Cash flow / Revenue
Definition
Self-financing capacity relative to revenue.
Formula
(CAF / CA) x 100
Interpretation
The higher the ratio, the more cash the company generates

1.665%

Repayment capacity (2023) ?
Repayment capacity
Definition
Number of years needed to repay debts with cash flow.
Formula
Financial debt / Cash flow
Interpretation
< 3 years : Excellent
3-5 years : Fair
> 5 years : Warning

0.0

Asset age ratio (2023) ?
Asset age ratio
Definition
Measures the degree of wear of tangible assets.
Formula
Accumulated depreciation / Gross fixed assets x 100
Interpretation
< 50% : Recent assets
50-70% : Normal wear
> 70% : Aging assets

3.7%

Solvency indicators evolution
FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE)

Sector positioning

Debt ratio
0.0 2023
2021
2022
2023
Q1: 0.0
Med: 3.62
Q3: 37.96
Excellent

In 2023, the debt ratio of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERT... (0.00) ranks in the bottom 25% of the sector, which is positive. This ratio measures the weight of debt relative to equity. A low ratio indicates a solid financial structure with little dependence on creditors.

Financial autonomy
59.35% 2023
2021
2022
2023
Q1: 1.77%
Med: 30.93%
Q3: 61.22%
Good

In 2023, the financial autonomy of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERT... (59.4%) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio represents the share of equity in total financing. This comfortable position offers an appreciable safety margin.

Repayment capacity
0.0 years 2023
2021
2022
2023
Q1: 0.0 years
Med: 0.0 years
Q3: 0.54 years
Excellent

In 2023, the repayment capacity of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERT... (0.00) ranks in the bottom 25% of the sector, which is positive. This ratio indicates the number of years needed to repay debt with cash flow. A short capacity reflects controlled debt and good cash generation.

Liquidity ratios

The liquidity ratio (= Current assets / Current liabilities) stands at 380.36. Concretely, the company has €2 of liquid assets for every €1 of short-term debt: no cash risk within 12 months.

Liquidity ratio (2023) ?
Liquidity ratio
Definition
Ability to meet short-term debts with current assets.
Formula
Current assets / Current liabilities
Interpretation
> 1.5 : Very good
1-1.5 : Fair
< 1 : Liquidity risk

380.363

Interest coverage (2023) ?
Interest coverage
Definition
Ability to cover interest charges with operating income.
Formula
EBIT / Interest expenses
Interpretation
> 3 : Comfortable
1.5-3 : Acceptable
< 1.5 : Risk

0.0

Liquidity indicators evolution
FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE)

Sector positioning

Liquidity ratio
380.36 2023
2021
2022
2023
Q1: 129.96
Med: 228.25
Q3: 426.41
Good

In 2023, the liquidity ratio of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERT... (380.36) ranks above the median of the sector. This ratio measures the ability to cover short-term debt with current assets. This comfortable position offers an appreciable safety margin.

Interest coverage
0.0x 2023
2021
2022
2023
Q1: 0.0x
Med: 0.0x
Q3: 0.69x
Average

In 2023, the interest coverage of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERT... (0.0x) ranks below the median of the sector. This ratio indicates how many times operating income covers interest expenses. An improvement would strengthen the competitive position.

Working capital requirement (WCR) and payment terms

Working capital requirement (WCR) measures the cash timing gap between customer collections and supplier/inventory payments. Average customer payment term: 73 days (formula: Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT x 360). Supplier term: 96 days. Favorable situation: supplier credit is longer than customer credit by 23 days. WCR is negative (-72 days): operations structurally generate cash. Notable WCR improvement over the period (-153%), freeing up cash.

Operating WCR (2023) ?
Operating WCR
Definition
Financing requirement generated by the operating cycle (inventory + receivables - trade payables).
Formula
Inventory + Customer receivables - Trade payables
Interpretation
Negative = cash released
Positive = financing needed

-286 156 €

Customer credit (2023) ?
Customer credit (days)
Definition
Average payment term granted to customers.
Formula
(Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT) x 360
Interpretation
< 45j : Good
45-60j : Average
> 60j : Long

73 j

Supplier credit (2023) ?
Supplier credit (days)
Definition
Average payment term obtained from suppliers.
Formula
(Trade payables / Purchases incl. VAT) x 360
Interpretation
The longer the term, the better for cash flow

96 j

Inventory turnover (2023) ?
Inventory turnover (days)
Definition
Average storage duration for goods or materials.
Formula
(Inventory / Cost of goods) x 360
Interpretation
The lower the ratio, the faster the turnover

0 j

WCR in days of revenue (2023) ?
WCR in days of revenue
Definition
Expresses working capital requirement in days of revenue.
Formula
(Operating WCR / Revenue) x 360
Interpretation
The fewer days, the better the working capital management

-72 j

WCR and payment terms evolution
FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE)

Positioning of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) in its sector

Comparison with sector Formation continue d'adultes

Valuation estimate

Based on 134 transactions of similar company sales (all years), the value of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) is estimated at 184 533 € (range 62 562€ - 409 539€). With an EBITDA of 18 956€, the sector multiple of 2.2x is applied. The price/revenue ratio is 0.36x (conservative valuation). This multiples method compares the actual sale price of similar companies to their financial indicators (Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income). It provides a market-based indicative estimate.

Estimated enterprise value 2023
134 transactions
62k€ 184k€ 409k€
184 533 € Range: 62 562€ - 409 539€
NAF 5 all-time

Valuation detail by method

Ajustez les pondérations selon votre analyse

EBITDA Multiple 50%
18 956 € × 2.2x
Estimation 41 100 €
14 893€ - 106 895€
Revenue Multiple 30%
1 433 430 € × 0.36x
Estimation 512 364 €
170 944€ - 1 001 767€
Net Income Multiple 20%
17 491 € × 2.9x
Estimation 51 370 €
19 165€ - 277 811€

Valuation evolution

How is this estimate calculated?

This estimate is based on the analysis of 134 actual transactions of similar company sales (same NAF code) registered with BODACC between 2016 and 2025.

  • EBITDA Multiple: Preferred method for profitable SMEs. EBITDA reflects the ability to generate cash.
  • Revenue Multiple: Used for growing companies or those with low profitability. Reflects commercial potential.
  • Net Income Multiple: Relevant for mature companies with stable results.

This estimate is provided for information purposes only. A precise valuation requires in-depth analysis (assets, liabilities, prospects, market...).

Similar companies (Formation continue d'adultes)

Compare FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) with other companies in the same sector:

Voir toutes les statistiques du secteur Formation continue d'adultes

Frequently asked questions about FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE)

What is the revenue of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) ?

The revenue of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) in 2023 is 1.4 M€.

Is FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) profitable?

Yes, FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) generated a net profit of 17 k€ in 2023.

Where is the headquarters of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) ?

The headquarters of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) is located in PARIS (75014), in the department Paris.

Where to find the tax return of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) ?

The tax return of FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) is available on this page. Click on a year in the 'Data by year' section to view the account details (assets, liabilities, income statement). Data comes from INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property).

In which sector does FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) operate?

FOREA (FORMATION - EXPERTISE AUTOMOBILE) operates in the sector Formation continue d'adultes (NAF code 85.59A). See the 'Sector positioning' section above to compare the company with its competitors.