22 NIVOSE CCXIII : revenue, balance sheet and financial ratios

In 2016, 22 NIVOSE CCXIII achieves revenue of 90 k€. Revenue is declining over the period 2014-2016 (CAGR: -5.3%). Significant drop of -13% vs 2015. After deducting consumption (0 €), gross margin stands at 90 k€, i.e. a rate of 100%. This ratio measures the ability to generate value from commercial activity. EBITDA (= Gross margin - Personnel expenses - Taxes) reaches 1 €, representing 0.0% of revenue. Warning negative scissor effect: despite revenue change (-13%), EBITDA varies by -100%, reducing margin by 21.8 pts. This reflects costs rising faster than revenue. The operating margin remains fragile, requiring cost vigilance. Ultimately, net income (= EBIT +/- financial result +/- exceptional - corporate tax) amounts to 26 k€, i.e. 29.2% of revenue. This profit can be retained or distributed to shareholders.

The debt ratio (= Financial debt / Equity x 100) stands at 40%. Debt remains under control: the company retains capacity to raise new debt if needed. Financial autonomy (= Equity / Total assets x 100) reaches 69%. This high autonomy means the company finances most of its assets through equity, a sign of strength. Debt repayment capacity (= Financial debt / Cash flow) indicates it would take 3.9 years of cash flow to repay all financial debt. This ratio remains within usual banking standards. Cash flow represents 29.2% of revenue. Cash flow measures resources generated by operations, available for investment and debt repayment. This high level provides strong self-financing capacity.

The liquidity ratio (= Current assets / Current liabilities) stands at 332.10. Concretely, the company has €2 of liquid assets for every €1 of short-term debt: no cash risk within 12 months. The interest coverage ratio (= EBIT / Interest expenses) is 467200.0x. Operating income very largely covers interest expenses: high safety margin.

Working capital requirement (WCR) measures the cash timing gap between customer collections and supplier/inventory payments. Average customer payment term: 85 days (formula: Customer receivables / Revenue incl. VAT x 360). Supplier term: 75 days. The company must finance 10 days of gap between collections and payments. Overall, WCR represents 143 days of revenue, i.e. 36 k€ to permanently finance. Over 2014-2016, WCR increased by +40%, requiring additional financing.

Based on 170 transactions of similar company sales (all years), the value of 22 NIVOSE CCXIII is estimated at 73 867 € (range 46 717€ - 107 469€). With an EBITDA of 1€, the sector multiple of 6.8x is applied. The price/revenue ratio is 0.71x (in line with sector norms). This multiples method compares the actual sale price of similar companies to their financial indicators (Revenue, EBITDA, Net Income). It provides a market-based indicative estimate.